A daguerreotype of former slave Caesar taken in 1851 in Bethlehem, New York

John Jordan Crittenden, 1857. Artist George Peter Alexander Healy.

How the Civil War Influenced Music in the United States

How Photos from the Bloody Battle of Antietam Revealed the American Civil War’s Horrors

The Confederate Flag: A Timeline of Its Creation and Legacy

An African American soldier in uniform with his wife and two daughters, circa 1864. This image was found in Cecil County, Maryland, making it likely that this soldier belonged to one of the seven U.S.C.T. regiments raised in Maryland.

Why Frederick Douglass Passionately Recruited Black Soldiers During Civil War

How Laws First Passed in Jim Crow Era Suppressed the African American Vote

A nurse prepares to spoon-feed soldiers in this photograph taken by Jim Enos inside the Union hospital at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, circa 1861.

Reconstruction: A Timeline of America's First Attempt at Tackling Slavery's Legacy. Freedman's Bureau

<p>The Civil War was America's bloodiest and most divisive conflict, pitting the Union Army against the Confederate States of America. The war resulted in the deaths of more than 620,000 people, with millions more injured and the South left in ruins.</p>


Civil War

The American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865 over the issues of slavery and states' rights. Learn about Civil War battles, generals, political leaders and more.

American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY

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HISTORY

<p>America’s Founding Fathers decided that one elected civilian—the U.S. president—would lead the executive branch of the federal government, a governmental structure that has remained in place for more than 200 years.</p>


U.S. Presidents

<p>World War I pitted Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire against Great Britain, the United States, France, Russia, Italy and Japan. New military technology resulted in unprecedented carnage. By the time the war was over and the Allied Powers claimed victory, more than 16 million people—soldiers and civilians alike—were dead.</p>


World War I

<p><a href="http://www.christopherklein.com/">Christopher Klein</a> is the author of four books, including <em>When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Ireland’s Freedom</em> and <em>Strong Boy: The Life and Times of John L. Sullivan</em>. His work has appeared in numerous publications, including <em>The Boston Globe</em>,<em> The New York Times</em>, and <em>National Geographic Traveler. </em>Follow Chris at <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.twitter.com_historyauthor&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=bHpC9irXhivtSwyVyKc43lLt4-cAwmmH7TeQLPqTb5E&amp;r=0ZpTu-He2V3GUI-VETMmkwm8-GyOWSyeMJXqt7G42KA&amp;m=K4QAG6bPcooItZtsSRYJId99sCdkkYnSQnbG55Y82ZU&amp;s=reHlmdZq8nMnpunXM6VDAaQCLeVwu9L3gbscryyWKD8&amp;e=">@historyauthor</a>.</p>


Christopher Klein

<p>Sarah Pruitt is a writer and editor based in seacoast New Hampshire. She has been a frequent contributor to History.com since 2005, and is the author of <em>Breaking History: Vanished! </em>(Lyons Press, 2017), which chronicles some of history's most famous disappearances.</p>


Sarah Pruitt

<p><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__msbeckylittle.tumblr.com_&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=bHpC9irXhivtSwyVyKc43lLt4-cAwmmH7TeQLPqTb5E&amp;r=DnM91hJ18gcNL3QDGSFbaxqDKqUNYha-dXU1EFEqguU&amp;m=G-7sCRahZ4NeqUBMRIzpVYF_SWJZdHf6oZ3GZnosXWc&amp;s=zmyoc9Pijw9wmJOCBZEXDORhhj0TxUZKXRRMCwVGaTI&amp;e=">Becky Little</a> is a journalist based in Washington, D.C. Follow her on <a title="https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbsky.app%2Fprofile%2Fmsbeckylittle.bsky.social&amp;data=05%7C02%7CAmanda.Onion%40aegm.com%7C2663a56e98de478ecc4108dd65759161%7Cf7288ab1d50847bab3347331cff3374c%7C1%7C0%7C638778277802339990%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=6PAUrlZQy2qoyw95FxhBFEbAAeD6eFd4YU65oI9SW98%3D&amp;reserved=0" href="https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbsky.app%2Fprofile%2Fmsbeckylittle.bsky.social&amp;data=05%7C02%7CAmanda.Onion%40aegm.com%7C2663a56e98de478ecc4108dd65759161%7Cf7288ab1d50847bab3347331cff3374c%7C1%7C0%7C638778277802339990%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=6PAUrlZQy2qoyw95FxhBFEbAAeD6eFd4YU65oI9SW98%3D&amp;reserved=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-outlook-id="cfb94f9b-f0df-4c8f-91fa-a17329b660ca">Bluesky</a>.</p>


Becky Little

<p>Patrick J. Kiger has written for <em>GQ</em>, the <em>Los Angeles Times, National Geographic, </em>PBS NewsHour and Military History Quarterly. He's the co-author (with Martin J. Smith) of <em>Poplorica:</em> <em>A Popular History of the Fads, Mavericks, Inventions, and Lore that Shaped Modern America</em>.</p>


Patrick J. Kiger

<p>Farrell Evans is an award-winning journalist who writes about sports and history.</p>


Farrell Evans

<p><span class="outlook-search-highlight">Bob</span> <span class="outlook-search-highlight">Zeller</span> has authored or co-authored 20 books, including <i>Lincoln in 3-D, The Blue and Gray in Black and White: A History of Civil War Photography,</i>and <i>Fighting the Second Civil War: A History of Battlefield Preservation and the Emergence of the Civil War Trust.</i> He is co-founder and president of <a href="http://www.civilwarphotography.org">The Center for Civil War Photography</a>.</p>


Bob Zeller

<p><strong><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__johnaeharris.com_&amp;d=DwMF-g&amp;c=bHpC9irXhivtSwyVyKc43lLt4-cAwmmH7TeQLPqTb5E&amp;r=3mOEa7BL5xda2RV6aIvf7QcX9yQ1ErhlAnSOFRweDaY&amp;m=wVtfNDrR3rV_jNENlaoAdnBx4TCpCS6R7tDskwAcNBI&amp;s=AOTibKxkk5SlrZAJQmJWJNEmCIMrpuiKcR0NrgGU-tg&amp;e=">John Harris</a> is McDonald-Boswell Chair in History at Erskine College and the author of <em><a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300261493/the-last-slave-ships/">The Last Slave Ships: New York and the End of the Middle Passage</a></em>. Follow him on Twitter: @drjohnaeharris.</strong></p>


John Harris

Listicle

Legacy Unpublished

<p>From raising families to leading armies, women such as Catherine the Great, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen Amanirenas, Queen Elizabeth I, Susan B. Anthony, Rosa Parks, Marie Curie, Rosalind Franklin and countless others have played a vital role in history.</p>


Women’s History

<p>The Vietnam War pitted communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong against South Vietnam and the United States. The war ended when U.S. forces withdrew in 1973 and Vietnam unified under Communist control two years later.</p>


Vietnam War

<p>In the early 20th century, America was flexing its economic and political muscle on the international stage. The era was defined by the temperance movement, Progressive-era activism, the sinking of the Titanic and World War I.</p>


Early 20th Century U.S.

<p>The Revolutionary War waged by the American colonies against Britain influenced political ideas and revolutions around the globe, as a small fledgling nation won its freedom from the greatest military force of its time.</p>


American Revolution

<p>World War II was the biggest and deadliest war in history, involving more than 30 countries. Sparked by the 1939 Nazi invasion of Poland, the war dragged on for six bloody years until the Allies defeated the Axis powers of Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy in 1945. Explore the battles, leaders and atrocities from the war and its impact on geopolitics and humankind.</p>


World War II

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<div class="p-rich_text_section">African Americans have played a central role in shaping U.S. history. From slavery and its abolition to the Great Migration, the civil rights movement and military, scientific, cultural and political achievements, explore key moments, milestones and figures in Black History.</div>
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Civil War ‑ Stories

The 1860 Compromise That Would Have Preserved Slavery in the US Constitution

How Black Women Fought for Civil War Pensions and Benefits

How the US Civil War Inspired Women to Enter Nursing

How Photos from the Battle of Antietam Revealed the American Civil War’s Horrors

A Timeline of U.S. Anti‑War Movements

How Jim Crow‑Era Laws Suppressed the African American Vote for Generations

7 Major Civil War Battles

Why Frederick Douglass Wanted Black Men to Fight in the Civil War

Reconstruction: A Timeline of the Post‑Civil War Era

The Atlantic Slave Trade Continued Illegally in America Until the Civil War

How the US Civil War Influenced Music

The Confederate Flag: A Timeline of Its Creation and Legacy