Portrait of members of the Medici Family.

A vintage French postcard featuring the helicopter of Paul Cornu of Lisieux, France, who piloted the first manned flight of a rotary wing aircraft on 13th November 1907.

Leonardo da Vinci's 'Salvator Mundi' on display at Christie's New York during a press preview, 2017. (Credit: Timothy A. Clary/AFP/Getty Images)

How the Renaissance Influenced Reformation

3D Sketch of Da Vinci's Bridge in Ice. (Credit: Bridge in Ice/http://www.facebook.com/bridgeinice)

Leonardo da Vinci's 'Salvator Mundi' unveiled at Christie's New York on October 10, 2017 in New York City. (Credit: Ilya S. Savenok/Getty Images for Christie's Auction House)

The Creation of Adam from the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo Buonarroti (Italian, 1475 - 1564); fresco, 1508 - 12. (Photo by GraphicaArtis/Getty Images)

Life-sized recreation of Da Vinci's robot.

The Renaissance, a vibrant period of European cultural, artistic, political and scientific “rebirth” after the Middle Ages, was led by people including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Machiavelli and the Medici family.

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From Darkness to Light: The Renaissance Begins 

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During the <a href="/topics/middle-ages">Middle Ages</a>, a period that took place between the fall of ancient Rome in 476 A.D. and the beginning of the 14th century, Europeans made few advances in science and art.

Also known as the “Dark Ages,” the era is often branded as a time of war, ignorance, famine and <a href="https://history.com/pandemics">pandemics</a> such as the <a href="/topics/black-death">Black Death</a>.

Some historians, however, believe that such grim depictions of the Middle Ages were greatly exaggerated, though many agree that there was relatively little regard for ancient Greek and Roman philosophies and learning at the time.

During the 14th century, a cultural movement called humanism began to gain momentum in Italy. Among its many principles, humanism promoted the idea that man was the center of his own universe, and people should embrace human achievements in education, classical arts, literature and science.

In 1450, the invention of the Gutenberg printing press allowed for improved communication throughout Europe and for ideas to spread more quickly.

As a result of this advance in communication, little-known texts from early humanist authors such as those by <a href="https://www.biography.com/people/petrarch-9438891">Francesco Petrarch</a> and Giovanni Boccaccio, which promoted the renewal of traditional Greek and Roman culture and values, were printed and distributed to the masses.

Additionally, many scholars believe advances in international finance and trade impacted culture in Europe and set the stage for the Renaissance.

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The Renaissance started in Florence, Italy, a place with a rich cultural history where wealthy citizens could afford to support budding artists.

Members of the powerful <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/medici-family">Medici family</a>, which ruled Florence for more than 60 years, were famous backers of the movement.

Great Italian writers, artists, politicians and others declared that they were participating in an intellectual and artistic revolution that would be much different from what they experienced during the Dark Ages.

The movement first expanded to other Italian city-states, such as Venice, Milan, Bologna, Ferrara and Rome. Then, during the 15th century, Renaissance ideas spread from Italy to France and then throughout western and northern Europe.

Although other European countries experienced their Renaissance later than Italy, the impacts were still revolutionary.

Some of the most famous and groundbreaking Renaissance intellectuals, artists, scientists and writers include the likes of:

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Take a look at the life of one of the most celebrated authors of all time, legendary wordsmith William Shakespeare, in this video.

William Shakespeare

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Renaissance Impact on Art, Architecture and Science 

Art, architecture and science were closely linked during the Renaissance. In fact, it was a unique time when these fields of study fused together seamlessly.

For instance, artists like da Vinci incorporated scientific principles, such as anatomy into their work, so they could recreate the human body with extraordinary precision.

Architects such as <a href="https://www.biography.com/people/filippo-brunelleschi-9229632">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> studied mathematics to accurately engineer and design immense buildings with expansive domes.

Scientific discoveries led to major shifts in thinking: Galileo and Descartes presented a new view of astronomy and mathematics, while Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the solar system.

Renaissance art was characterized by realism and naturalism. Artists strived to depict people and objects in a true-to-life way.

They used techniques, such as perspective, shadows and light to add depth to their work. Emotion was another quality that artists tried to infuse into their pieces.

Some of the most famous artistic works that were produced during the Renaissance include:

While many artists and thinkers used their talents to express new ideas, some Europeans took to the seas to learn more about the world around them. In a period known as the Age of Discovery, several important explorations were made.

Voyagers launched expeditions to travel the entire globe. They discovered new shipping routes to the Americas, India and the Far East and explorers trekked across areas that weren’t fully mapped.

Famous journeys were taken by <a href="/topics/exploration/ferdinand-magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>, <a href="/topics/exploration/christopher-columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, <a href="/topics/exploration/amerigo-vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> (after whom America is named), <a href="/topics/exploration/marco-polo">Marco Polo</a>, <a href="http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/juan-ponce-de-leon">Ponce de Leon</a>, <a href="http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/vasco-nunez-de-balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a>, <a href="http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/hernando-de-soto">Hernando De Soto</a> and other explorers.

From John Cabot to Bartolomé de las Casas, learn more about notable explorers NOT named Christopher Columbus in this web exclusive.

History Lists: Explorers Not Named Columbus

Humanism encouraged Europeans to question the role of the Roman Catholic church during the Renaissance.

As more people learned how to read, write and interpret ideas, they began to closely examine and critique religion as they knew it. Also, the printing press allowed for texts, including the Bible, to be easily reproduced and widely read by the people, themselves, for the first time.

In the 16th century, <a href="https://www.biography.com/people/martin-luther-9389283">Martin Luther</a>, a German monk, led the <a href="http://www.history.com/topics/reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> – a revolutionary movement that caused a split in the Catholic church. Luther questioned many of the practices of the church and whether they aligned with the teachings of the Bible.

As a result, a new form of <a href="/topics/history-of-christianity">Christianity</a>, known as Protestantism, was created.

Scholars believe the demise of the Renaissance was the result of several compounding factors.

By the end of the 15th century, numerous wars had plagued the Italian peninsula. Spanish, French and German invaders battling for Italian territories caused disruption and instability in the region.

Also, changing trade routes led to a period of economic decline and limited the amount of money that wealthy contributors could spend on the arts.

Later, in a movement known as the Counter-Reformation, the Catholic church censored artists and writers in response to the Protestant Reformation. Many Renaissance thinkers feared being too bold, which stifled creativity.

Furthermore, in 1545, the Council of Trent established the Roman <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/inquisition">Inquisition</a>, which made humanism and any views that challenged the Catholic church an act of heresy punishable by death.

By the early 17th century, the Renaissance movement had died out, giving way to the Age of <a href="/topics/enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.

While many scholars view the Renaissance as a unique and exciting time in European history, others argue that the period wasn’t much different from the Middle Ages and that both eras overlapped more than traditional accounts suggest.

Also, some modern historians believe that the Middle Ages had a cultural identity that’s been downplayed throughout history and overshadowed by the Renaissance era.

While the exact timing and overall impact of the Renaissance is sometimes debated, there’s little dispute that the events of the period ultimately led to advances that changed the way people understood and interpreted the world around them.

Stream scores of videos about world history, from the Crusades to the Third Reich.

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The Renaissance, <a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ac88">History World International</a>. The Renaissance – Why it Changed the World, <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/london-culture/renaissance-changed-the-world/">The Telegraph</a>. Facts About the Renaissance, <a href="https://www.biographyonline.net/facts-about-the-renaissance/">Biography Online</a>. Facts About the Renaissance Period, <a href="https://www.interestingfacts.org.uk/facts-about-the-renaissance-period/">Interestingfacts.org</a>. What is Humanism? <a href="http://iheu.org/humanism/what-is-humanism/">International Humanist and Ethical Union</a>. Why Did the Italian Renaissance End? <a href="https://dailyhistory.org/Why_did_the_Italian_Renaissance_End">Dailyhistory.org</a>. The Myth of the Renaissance in Europe, <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/renaissance_europe_01.shtml#four">BBC</a>.

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The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages.

Renaissance Period: Timeline, Art & Facts

Renaissance Period: Timeline, Art & Facts | HISTORY

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Inventions &amp; Science

World's first aerial bomb is dropped over Libya

1911

Black History

The first issue of "Ebony" magazine is published

1945

Middle Eastern History

Palestinian-American public intellectual Edward Said is born

1935

Sports

First NBA game played

1946

Montreal's Jacques Plante becomes first NHL goaltender to wear facemask

1959

Boston’s belated Third Stage hits #1

1986

1990s

European History

European Union officially established

1993

Renaissance

Sistine Chapel ceiling opens to public

1512

Two new programs initiated in South Vietnam

1968

Military and political situation in South Vietnam deteriorates

1964

Jacques Plante is the first goalie to wear a facemask

U.S. Presidents

John Adams moves into White House

1800

Early 20th Century U.S.

Legendary western lawman is murdered

1924

Stephen Crane is born

1871

Newman stars in Cool Hand Luke

1967

American Revolution

John Paul Jones burns Whitehaven, England

1778

Food

New Coke debuts, one of the biggest product flops in history

1985

Brian, High King of Ireland, killed in victory over Vikings

1014

William Shakespeare born

1564

World War I

Poet-soldier Rupert Brooke dies in Greece

1915

Vietnam War

President Ford says that war is finished for America

1975

Hank Aaron hits first home run of his MLB career

1954

James Buchanan is born

1791

William Byers publishes first Denver newspaper

1859

Arts &amp; Entertainment

Judy Garland plays Carnegie Hall

1961

Birth and death of William Shakespeare celebrated

Character actor Otto Preminger dies

Crime

Sirhan Sirhan receives death penalty for assassination of Robert F. Kennedy

1969

Cold War

President Truman confronts Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov

Civil War

“Panic has seized the country,” writes Confederate President Jefferson Davis

1865

The Renaissance was a period of European cultural, artistic, political and scientific “rebirth” after the Middle Ages. Discover Renaissance Art, Leonardo da Vinci and more.

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Sarah Pruitt is a writer and editor based in seacoast New Hampshire. She has been a frequent contributor to History.com since 2005, and is the author of Breaking History: Vanished! (Lyons Press, 2017), which chronicles some of history's most famous disappearances.

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<a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__msbeckylittle.tumblr.com_&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=bHpC9irXhivtSwyVyKc43lLt4-cAwmmH7TeQLPqTb5E&amp;r=DnM91hJ18gcNL3QDGSFbaxqDKqUNYha-dXU1EFEqguU&amp;m=G-7sCRahZ4NeqUBMRIzpVYF_SWJZdHf6oZ3GZnosXWc&amp;s=zmyoc9Pijw9wmJOCBZEXDORhhj0TxUZKXRRMCwVGaTI&amp;e=">Becky Little</a> is a journalist based in Washington, D.C. Follow her on <a title="https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbsky.app%2Fprofile%2Fmsbeckylittle.bsky.social&amp;data=05%7C02%7CAmanda.Onion%40aegm.com%7C2663a56e98de478ecc4108dd65759161%7Cf7288ab1d50847bab3347331cff3374c%7C1%7C0%7C638778277802339990%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=6PAUrlZQy2qoyw95FxhBFEbAAeD6eFd4YU65oI9SW98%3D&amp;reserved=0" href="https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fbsky.app%2Fprofile%2Fmsbeckylittle.bsky.social&amp;data=05%7C02%7CAmanda.Onion%40aegm.com%7C2663a56e98de478ecc4108dd65759161%7Cf7288ab1d50847bab3347331cff3374c%7C1%7C0%7C638778277802339990%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=6PAUrlZQy2qoyw95FxhBFEbAAeD6eFd4YU65oI9SW98%3D&amp;reserved=0" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-outlook-id="cfb94f9b-f0df-4c8f-91fa-a17329b660ca">Bluesky</a>.

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In the 15th century, Europeans began to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean in search of new routes to China and the East, but in the process they discovered what they labeled a "New World," although Indigenous people had lived there for centuries. Other explorers have pushed the limits of flight and seafaring, and traversed the frozen Continent of Antarctica.

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